![]() ![]() A positive correlation was observed between waist circumference and the percentage of body fat, while a negative correlation was observed between the average maximum voluntary isometric contraction of rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles and the percentage of body fat. Abdominal muscle (rectus abdominis and external oblique) strength was measured by maximum voluntary isometric contraction as measured by surface electromyography. Waist-to-hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference by hip circumference. Percentage of body fat was estimated by using the body composition analyzer method using Tanita BC-545 Innerscan Segmental Body Composition. The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between the percentage of body fat, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio and abdominal muscle strength. The correlation between body fat indices and low back pain has been less explored and documented. This leads to a reduction in lean body mass and increased body fat. Sedentary lifestyle and consumption of high-fat foods have become widespread, especially in the urban population. These findings provide new information on the complex associations between urbanization and PA. Important differences in the associations between urbanization and PA were observed between PA domains, country-income levels, urban/rural status, and sex. Higher community baseline levels of population density (− 12.4% per IQR, 95% CI − 16.0, − 8.7) and impervious surface area (− 29.2% per IQR, 95% CI − 37.5, − 19.7), as well as the rate of change in 5-year population density (− 17.2% per IQR, 95% CI − 25.7, − 7.7), were associated with lower total PA levels. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to examine associations between urbanization measures and PA levels, controlling for individual, household and community factors. We used satellite-derived population density and impervious surface area estimates to quantify baseline urbanization levels for study communities, as well as change measures for 5- and 10-years prior to PA surveys. The 1-week long-form International PA Questionnaire was administered at baseline (2003–2015). We evaluated associations between urbanization and total PA, as well as work-, leisure-, home-, and transport-specific PA, for 138,206 adults living in 698 communities across 22 countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Urbanization may influence physical activity (PA) levels, although little evidence is available for low- and middle- income countries where urbanization is occurring fastest. ![]() In conclusion, the mentorship programme effectively improved the participants’ physical and psychological health and could be developed further for application in a larger population. Body fat composition was significantly reduced in the intervention when compared tothe control group. Relative to baseline, all the physical health components (push-ups, sit-ups, and jump tests), psychological resilience, relationship with family members, and self-efficacy increased significantly in the intervention compared to the control group. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to compare the physical and mental components between the intervention and control groups. Participants in the control group had access to a web-based health education game, whereas the intervention group wassubjected to intensive interventional activities for one month based on the eight principles of the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. The primary outcomes were engagement in physical activities (number of push-ups for 1 min, the strength of hand grip (kg), and the Jump test while standing (cm)), body fat proportion and psychological resilience, self-efficacy, and relationship with family and schoolmates. A total of 196 and 234 students from two universities were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention comprised the effects of sports-based development and education on physical fitness and mental health. This study aimed to determine the effectivenessof a mentorship programmeon university students’ mental health and physical fitness. ![]() Non-communicable diseases and mental health problems are becoming more prevalent, particularly in low and middle-income nations. A high proportion of the human population is unable to meet the physical activity recommendation of the World Health Organisation due to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and other medical conditions. Physical inactivity has increased globally, particularly in developed nations. ![]()
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